Some common mistakes with Block 2:Sometimes called Partially Threaded Drawn Arc Weld Studs with Collar, the studs form strong, vibration-resistant welds that provide a tight seal against water, oil, air, or gas leaks at the weld point. In this International Standard it is referred to simply as stud welding. Each of these applications requires the proper style stud and ferrule, so please specify your application when ordering. With automatic equipment, as many as 1800 studs can be fastened per hour! Accuracy - precise location of your. The aluminum work piece must be properly prepared for welding and is the same for both stud welding processes. Arc Stud Welding is a split second, one sided, no hole process producing a weld stronger than the base material and the stud itself. Material: Aluminum. *Weld current should be checked by using a time current monitor. The conventional process may be used to weld studs of 3/16 to 3/4 in. e. In stock and ready to ship. Arc stud welding is a process by which a metal fastener is welded to a parent metal through a fusion weld. 50 USD. Aluminum Arc Full Base (FB) Weld Pins. Mild steel, stainless steel, and aluminum are applicable materials for arc stud welding. Description. There are specialized foot pieces that distribute the shielding gas as well as hold the. The process was mainly perfected for attaching wood decking over a metal surface. Using a “ferrule” to capture and retain the weld’s heat, the molten metal created by the process cools the weld site and produces a weld that is stronger than the stud itself. 14 : Automotive arc welding aluminum. to 1 in. Stud welding aluminum usually works like a charm. ARC is adjustable up to 480V, 3 Phase. 8-32. Stud arc welding (SW), also known as arc stud welding, is a normally used method for joining a metal stud, or a fastener, to a metal work piece. 70 USD 3/8-16 Arc Stud Full Thread 316L Stainless Steel with Ferrules from $50. Arc Gun Connector Stud 10mm $25. The studs pictured do not represent a complete listing of all possible styles of studs that are in stock or available. It is one of the many forms of welding that professionals in the manufacturing, construction, and engineering industries can use. Stud welding is a process that uses a specialized type of fastener to join two pieces of metal together. It produces welds in as little as 0. These weld studs can be both threaded, or unthreaded. If you wish to see design specifications, special application procedures, and part number information for a particular category of fasteners, choose from the available selections below. The CD process operates on the principle of capacitor stored energy which is instantaneously discharged by the equipment system through a. Palm CD Gun $756. Arc studs may be almost any shape and there are literally hundreds;. 10 ELECTROSLAG WELDING:. Coffin’s idea was similar to what N. This oxide is tough and nonconductive and is detrimental to quality welding. CD Weld Studs. In addition to the superior quality arc and cd stud weld fasteners, we also offer patented pneumatic tube supports, cable hangers,. Stud Welding Aluminum Alloys 20 Delta Stud Weld is your source for high-performance arc weld studs. catalog including Standard Thread Arc Weld Studs,Full Thread Arc Weld Studs,Full Base Arc Weld Studs,Long Reduced Base Arc Weld Studs,Short Reduced Base Arc Weld Studs,No Thread Arc Weld Studs,Bent. Arc welding is commonly used for joining aluminium alloys. Thread Size. Add to Cart. Drawn arc stud welding, otherwise known as drawn arc or stud welding, is a process that quickly joins base metals to fasteners. 00 USD. 3/8" CD Stud Welding System -TRUWELD TW-i-375 $4,800. Tucker Light Weight Steel stud delivers one weld flange design to cover. Arc Stud Welding Arc stud welding is a highly reliable fastening method for a wide variety of applications. Sunbelt stocks a wide assortment Arc, CD, Refractory, Aluminum and Military Grade Weld Studs. 048 inch. 847-228-1995 FAX. In this method, a fastener or stud is secured on a base metal during the welding process. Our stud welding experts can see if we have it or find it for you. Advisors to the A5 Committee on Filler Metal and Allied Material R. g. A weld stud can be end-joined to a metal work piece instantaneously for a high. Sold in Quantities of 100 each. The drawn arc stud welding (DASW) procedure is usually qualified by visual examinations and practical destructive tests of the joint according to international standards. 80 USD. Browse Capacitor Discharge (CD) Weld Studs in the Midwest Fasteners, Inc. Close. The ceramic ferrule is a decisive factor in drawn arc studwelding with ceramic ferrule. 5/C5. Will be approximately 1/8" shorter after welding. Quantity: Price Each: $0. 3/8-16 Arc Stud, Reduced Base, Mild Steel with R Ferrules from $25. 2 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). 21 USD. S. It produces welds in as little as 0. All the arc studs we supply come with ceramic ferrules as they are crucial to the Drawn Arc process. The arc stud welding process is well-known and widely applied in various industries andFor more than 40 years, Sunbelt has been a provider of stud welding equipment, parts and supplies for a wide array of industries. With optimum weld penetration and durability, the method can quickly join practically any size or configuration of a metal stud to a workpiece. This stud welding process involves the same basic principles and metallurgical aspects as any other arc welding procedure. Arc Stud Welding is a split second, one sided, no hole process producing a weld stronger than the base material and the stud itself. 38 seconds. The CD process allows stud welding of dissimilar metals. Aluminum 10-24 Flanged CD Weld Studs - CDF0102424A. D. W. View drawn arc stud welding and headed weld studs applications, dimensions, standard & torque specifications How strong is a stud weld? Steel with a low carbon content that has a minimum tensile strength of 60,000 psi, a minimum yield strength of 50,000 psi, and an elongation in 2 inches of at least 20%. Aluminum quickly forms a surface oxide. The exception is the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process, in which the effect of polarity on penetration is opposite. Drawn Arc and Short-Cycle Welding Studs Drawn Arc Threaded and Unthreaded Studs are recommended for fastening applications where threads are needed for the full fastener. flanged-aluminum tap pads! View Sign Applications. To learn more about the stud welding supplies we provide, contact NFS at (651) 730-7770 or request a quote online. Therefore, this article will discuss why. Therefore, the general procedure and requirements based. This is achieved using a controlled electric arc process to melt the end of the fastener and secure it to the base metal. Home > Weld Fasteners > Arc Weld Fasteners > Full Thread Arc Weld Studs – Inch / Metric > 1/2-13 Full Thread Arc Weld Studs - Inch / Metric. Primarily, spot welding is used with low-carbon steel, but it can be used to form brittle connections with high-carbon steel and aluminum alloys. The best aluminum studs have a built in ignition. Arc stud welding permits strong, one-sided welds on base metals with thicknesses starting at 0. If you don't see the stud you need, give us a call at 800-426-5667. The stud is forced into the pool of molten metal. 00 USD. $19. 00 USD. com CD Weld Studs. STUD WELDING STORE. 3/8-16 CD Weld Stud, Non Flanged, Mild Steel. 304 stainless steel. Weld Pins and C. [email protected] Welding, Inc. 3/8-16 Arc Stud Full Aluminum with F Ferrules. Indianapolis, IN Distributor*, Manufacturer $5 - 9. The operation depends upon the size, shape, and material of the stud and the composition and thickness of the metal parts. 4M:2006 Prepared by the American Welding Society (AWS) A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials. 3 In the formulation orthis code assistance hal beenderived (rom the. Steel Properties: Min Tensile Strength 61,000 psi, Min Yield Strength: 49,000 psi. 800 Incoloy. INSULATION PINS. 2. Nelson ® offers three methods of stud welding: drawn arc welding, for structural stud welding using large diameters studs, ferrules, and an aluminum flux; capacitor discharge (CD) , for non-structural applications with a rapid attachment and an undisturbed backside finish; and short cycle, for semi-structural. 5/8-11 Arc Stud Full Thread, Stainless Steel with F Ferrules from $151. The two general types of stud welding are drawn arc stud welding and capacitor discharge (CD) stud welding. Metal arc welding is particularly suitable for welding heavy sections, and can be used for welding thicknesses up to 2-1/2 inch (63 mm thick). 1/4-20 x 1" Arc Stud Full Thread 430 Stainless Steel with F Ferrules $1. 06 seconds. It produces welds in as little as 0. 55,000 psi (min. Sunbelt aluminum collar studs are partially threaded studs with a collar separating the weld base and thread. Available with weld base diameters from 1/4” through 1/2”; extension diameters, 1/8”' through 3/8”. This process, also known as the short cycle welding process, uses aNelson rectifier power source . (4. Contact us for more information regarding our high-end weld screws and studs or call us at 800-783-0910, we. Arc studs are typically loaded with an aluminum flux ball on the weld end, which aids in the. Drawn arc stud welding - Auxiliary ceramic ferrule. Spot welding has limited uses because it works well with few materials. 10-24 CD Weld Stud, Flanged, Stainless Steel from $9. It should be monitored periodically due to cable heating which can be caused by a reduction in. 3 Welding Technique for Steels 18 7. Short arc stud welding. Our stud welding experts can see if we have it or find it for you. The most successful aluminum stud welding uses ceramic ferrules as well as the shielding gas. M6 x 25 Arc Stud with 18MM Knock Off, Full. 8-32 CD Weld Stud, Flanged, Aluminum from $4. A complete line of Stud Welding Equipment and. In particular, it is an established joining technique for large studs in steel construction. A. The ball should never be more than 1. Cox Stud Welding stocks a full line of Arc Studs, Installation Studs and Refractory Studs, as well as having the largest inventory of stainless steel concrete anchors and shear connectors in the world. The end of the stud and parent metal melt, and the stud is returned into the molten pool onto the plate. The stud is then forged into the molten pool. The purpose of arc stud welding is to weld predominantly pin‐shaped metal parts to metal workpieces. 7/8. It is a single-step process for creating a strong joint between metal surfaces that incorporate weld studs as fasteners. TF studs permit close run down of a nut to the base metal. Using a “ferrule” to capture and retain the weld’s heat. Some types or styles of weld studs are used in the imperial size when. is as follows. 50 USD. Drawn arc (DA) stud welding is a type of arc welding where the operator uses a stud loaded onto a welding gun to weld a stud to a base metal. Drawn arc stud welding operations are used extensively in the construction industry. L. 00 USD. 00 USD. The process is as follows: The weld stud is places against the base metal. Fastening systems and parts are always available to meet every specific need. (4. An aluminum base with aluminum studs is the best way to go. Headed Shear Connector Weld Studs interconnect concrete slabs to load bearing beams where strong shear resistance is needed most. 외형상으로는 전기. Monroe-JHP Fasteners provides resistance welding fasteners in numerous thread sizes and dimensions for all your project needs. Stud welding uses direct current electricity to create an arc between a fastener or stud and the parent material. However, with CD welding small diameter fasteners (1/4″ and under) are end welded to extremely thin gauge parent metal. They have a head, so poured concrete embeds them solidly. dimensions on metal workpieces that have a wall thickness of at least 1/4 of the stud diameter. An electric arc is created between the end of the stud and the surface of the workpiece, melting both parts. Will be approximately 1/8" shorter after welding. AWS D10. Drawn arc (DA) stud welding is a type of arc welding where the operator uses a stud loaded onto a welding gun to weld a stud to a base metal. The surfaces joined in the liquid state with no filler material. IWT M1 Micro Contact Gun $985. The stud itself becomes part of the weld material. For hot-dip galvanized steel, the same process can be performed, but the end results are somewhat different. 8. 99. Furniture manufacturers use it for metal household and office furniture, lawn furniture, shelving and racks. When theModes of Metal Transfer Preferable to Aluminum Welding - Globular-to-spray transition currents. #6 in a series, this video shows setting up the Capacitor Discharge Stud Welder for C. This forced the automotive manufacturers to improve fuel efficiency of cars and light trucks by using lightweight materials such as aluminum. Assemblers of fabricated metal products use arc stud welding in barbecue equipment, enclosures, plumbing apparatus, insulation enclosures, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning units, and water storage systems. Metric Left-Hand ThreadedLow-Strength Steel Threaded Rods. Using a “ferrule” to capture and retain the weld’s heat, the molten metal created by the process cools and the weld site and produces a weld that is stronger than the stud itself. The arc and molten metal are submerged in a blanket of granular fusible flux on the workpiece. Studs 1/2" (12mm) diameter and below will be approximately 1/8" (3mm) shorter after welding. (4. 3 “Certification of companies for resistance welding of steel and aluminum” • Welded fabrication &. Projection weld studs and screws are special types of fasteners that are specifically designed to be welded to another object. A. This catalog is designed to be a user-friendly source of information about the Nelson Stud Welding line of studs, anchors, pins, and the standard accessories used to weld them. Studs 5/8" (16mm) diameter and above will be approximately 3/16" (5mm) shorter after welding. Drawn Arc Stud Welding explained. CD (capacitor discharge) weld studs require lower levels of heat and less time to weld than drawn arc weld studs, which makes them suitable for use on sheet metal and other thin materials that would be marred by the drawn arc welding process. When lifted, an arc develops between the stud base and the base material to create a pool of molten metal. Cutlass Stud Welding. Arc Weld Studs; Capacitor Discharge (CD) Weld Studs; Refractory Weld Studs; Military Grade Weld Studs;. typically would be about 0. At Delta Stud Weld Inc. Available for rent or purchase, we can custom-designed systems for a variety of end-use applications including fixed manual and automatic feed systems for high-production. 06 seconds. 25 percent carbon equivalent) usually requires preheating to prevent cracking. Length Specifications: Available in minimum weld base heights specified, with a maximum of 1-1/4" thread length. 6, Recommended Practices for Gas Metal Arc Welding, and the Welding. 8. Stud welding equipment is available for sale or rental in capacities from 1/4 in. Aluminum Non-Flanged Capacitor Discharge (CD) Studs. It produces welds in as little as 0. When theMedium Split Bipod Nelson NS30/NS40 Foot $154. Flanged Capacitor Discharge (CD) Studs Available in the following Materials. Made in the USA. Monroe-JHP Fasteners is an industry leading supplier of weld studs. 1. These unique fasteners feature durable threads with proven reliability, saving significant time and money over hand welding processes. 847-228-1995 FAX. The conventional stud welding equipment can be used using drawn arc capacitor discharge technique. Bateman Soldaduras West Arco Limitada J. If you don't see the stud you need, give us a call at 800-426-5667. 2, 8th Ed. 50 USD. 6-32 CD Weld Stud, Flanged, Aluminum from $4. Many favour this process due to its speed, reliability, and the powerful. Call our technical experts if you have any questions at 1-800-426-5667. Weld studs for Fastening. • TH71x – Small front end for hard-to-reach spots e. Drawn arc stud welding Stud-welded anchors on a bridge girder. There are a wide range of spot weld stud and tab weld stud options, depending on the specific application. 10 USD. The chart below indicates the weld studs commonly supplied in metric sizes. Aluminum Arc Full Base (FB) Weld Pins Sunbelt aluminum SB (Shoulder Base) welding pins are plain, unthreaded fasteners with a weld base diameter greater than the extension diameter. Rent or purchase the right machine to help you with your fastening needs. Length: Length is before weld. screw your chosen chuck into place in the weld pistol/gun. Page%|1" """""ANSI/"AWS"C5. Posted in Arc Welding, CD Stud Welding, Stud Welding Supplies. 281. Gas Metal Arc Welding (MIG. The stud welding. 1/4-20 CD Weld Stud, Flanged, Mild Steel from $8. Small Split Bipod Nelson NS30/NS40 Foot $155. 5. Of these processes, STUD ARC WELDING utilizes equipment and techniques unique to stud welding. In stud welding, there are 2 main processes Capacitive Discharge (CD) and drawn arc stud welding. Stud Welding Products has a complete line of arc and capacitor discharge weld studs to match any job or project. Providing superior stud welding and stud welder parts and equipment isn't enough. The heat generated by this electric arc melts. Nelson NS40 Standard Duty Stud Gun 751-692-000 $4,150. 9. 3/8-16 Arc Stud Full Aluminum with F Ferrules from $43. The products of ASW can be utilized in various mechanical fields. comThe results showed that indeed, in drawn arc stud welding, there is an optimum range for aluminum tip weight. Among other things, stud welding is used in bridge building (especially in composite structures), steel structures, shipbuilding, facade-wall fabrication, vehicle manufacture, apparatus. The terms “stud welding” and “shear stud” are commonly used in the process of attaching steel frames to composite floor constructions. d) Formule for combination of Itre~les for fillet weld. For every fastening task there is a matching stud geometry. 847-228-1995 FAX. 00 USD@article{osti_20014308, title = {Drawn arc stud welding: Crossing over from steel to aluminum}, author = {Ramasamy, S}, abstractNote = {In their quest to reduce vehicle weights, car manufacturers are exploring further use of aluminum, including more aluminum components in body construction. With drawn arc stud welding, the operator uses a weld tool, or gun, to place the stud against the base metal. Unthreaded studs are full base (Type UD) unless a smaller base is. This arc is the electrical current jumping across the gap between the electrode and the base metal. Complete Stud Welding TF weld studs are available in mild steel and stainless steel materials. 7 to 19. Indianapolis, IN Distributor*, Manufacturer $5 - 9. Navy. The Nelson NS20 is a rugged heavy duty stud welding gun designed specifically to weld studs 5/8" diameter and larger. You can weld pure aluminum to aluminum alloys and vice versa. Made in the USA. The conventional stud welding equipment can be used using drawn arc capacitor discharge technique. • TR610 – Weld versatile. 7. 3/8-16 Arc Stud, Partial Thread, Mild Steel with P Ferrules from $18. Stud welding is also known as drawn arc stud welding , or arc welding for short. Available for steel and gas-supported welding like Aluminum. Typical Use: When minimum fillet dimensions are required at the weld base. Welding is often used to permanently fasten two pieces of metal together. CD weld studs can be used with thin base metals and. Successor of LM90. Overall, there are three different possible positions for a weld symbol in the welding symbol: If the weld symbol is on the bottom side, the. 8-32 CD Weld Stud, Flanged, Aluminum from. 12 USD. Thread: Standard UNC2A (Partial Thread also available) Ferrules: Includes required flat ceramic ferrules (insulators) (Other types of ferrules available on request) Flux: Solid Fluxed. Typical Use: When minimum fillet dimensions are required at the weld base. Weld Stud diagrams, specifications and materials are provided for each model. Sunbelt aluminum FB (Full Base) welding pins are unthreaded fasteners. Nelson (Made in Germany)Machine: ALPHA 850Drawn Arc Stud WeldingComex International FZCP. Why is this? Relatively speaking, the drawn-arc process has a long arcing time. Unthreaded studs are full base (Type UD) unless a smaller base is. A Commentary on the code is also included with the document. Stud Welding. IWT S1 Extended Reach CD Gun $985. Contact. An arc is drawn which melts the base of the stud and a proportionate area of the base metal, the fas-. ; Outside angle ferrule – Used for the opposite side of the inside angle ferrule. Designed to work on high-strength steels, as well as steels as thin as 8mm (5/16 in. The base metal thickness should be at least 1/3 of the weld base diameter of the stud. A stud is loaded into a compatible CD. Weld Studs. assumes no financial or physical responsibility for damage or harm resulting from this information’s use with non-Nelson studs and related accessories. Understand the differences. In order for the FCAW-S process to utilize a self-shielded, flux cored continuous electrode, its design and metallurgy must be unique compared to the other main arc welding processes (SMAW, GTAW, GMAW, FCAW-G and SAW). 00 USD. THE STUD WELDING PROCESS Electric arc stud welding involves the same electrical, mechanical, and metallurgical principles found in any other arc welding process. Weldstuds for Grounding. Distributor of welding equipment including welding studs, arc welding studs & capacitor discharge (CD) welding studs. ©2023 Monroe JHP Fasteners, Inc. The other processes use conventionally designed. The chart below indicates the weld studs commonly supplied in metric sizes. It produces welds in as little as 0. 50 USD. Made in the USA. Set Screw - #8-32 x 1/4 $0. 5M, Recommended Practices for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, and the Welding Handbook, Vol. The terms “stud welding” and “shear stud” are commonly used in the process of attaching steel frames to composite floor constructions. PFS's CD weld studs range in diameter from 4-40 to 3/8, and are manufactured from AISI 1006-1020 low-carbon steel, 300 series stainless steel, copper alloy 260 and 268, and 1100, 5000, and 6061 series aluminum alloy. 92 USD. Includes a starter kit with consumables. electric arc is the major factor that is used to melt the metal employing the pressure on the joint area for a short time. The Basics Of Drawn Arc Stud Welding. A capacitor discharge (CD) Non-Flanged Weld Stud is an ideal choice for those applications that will not allow use of a flanged weld stud due to potential interference between the flange and the mated component. Capacitative discharge (CD) machines rely on a projection or tip affixed to the base of the fastener. Sunbelt FB aluminum studs, available in diameters from 1/4" to 1/2", have equal weld base and thread diameters. 378. 25 USD. The imperial coarse threads are depicted below (UNC-2A) and are standard. 10-32 CD Weld Stud, Flanged, Stainless Steel from $10. 26. An arc is ignited between one end of the stud and the workpiece during stud welding. With GTAW, DC- polarity results in more weld penetration. 9 Mil 1918 10-49. Daemen Consultant C. This heat melts the base. e weld studs) are joined to a base metal. ₹ 60/ Piece Get Latest Price. Welding can be done with many processes such as arc, resistance, friction, and percussion. It is a fast, simple, and accurate welding process which combines two identical or different metals. assumes no financial or physical responsibility for damage or harm resulting from this information’s use with non-Nelson studs and related accessories. Stud welding by lifting the stud to a predetermined height above the base metal. Stud welding is a fast, reliable and accurate method of attaching a metal fastener to a metal part using an electric arc. 09 ARC STUD WELDING: Chapter 10: WHC2. Ph: +971. Length Specifications: Overall. STUD WELDING DOES A PRETTY GREAT job of keeping things together—and quickly. 3 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) 22 2. They are available in thread diameters from 1/4" through 1/2". As the drawn arc current heats the tip of the stud and the metal becomes molten, the ring-shaped ferrule keeps the metal from spreading into a messy weld. These unique fasteners feature durable threads with proven reliability, saving significant time and money over hand welding processes. 00 USD. Learn More. Drawn arc stud welding can be used with dissimilar metals. Adding fasteners to metal is easy and efficient when you have a stud gun system from WeldingMart. The technical details for the stud type or styles throughout this literature apply to metric studs. You can use either a capacitor discharge or a drawn arc capacitor discharge technique. 228. They do not lose any length during the stud welding process and are suitable for use on sheet metal and other thin materials that would be marred by the drawn arc welding process. In Stainless Steel, grades 302, 304, 310 and 316 are stocked in some sizes. Drawn arc stud types with a ceramic ferrule feature a pressed-in aluminum ball at the tip to more easily ignite the arc and deoxidize the weld pool. Aluminum studs of diameter 3/16 in. Stud welding uses a type of flux called a ferrule, a ceramic ring which concentrates the heat generated, prevents oxidation and retains the molten metal in the weld zone. Perfect for drawn arc stud welding--weld fasteners to dissimilar parent metals efficiently through arc stud welding. It is suitable for welding applications on thick materials that require. To acquire a better understanding of. They come in all shapes and sizes and are adaptable to an infinite number of applications. With GTAW, DC- polarity results in more weld penetration. The weld stud is held in place for the welding process by a stud gun. the names Stored Arc or Tranquil Arc in the text are references to the Stored Arc stud welding process or Tranquil Arc accessory kit, as defined by Nelson Stud Welding, Inc. 10-24 CD Weld Stud, Flanged, Mild Steel from $5. comNelson ® stud welding’s rich history began in 1939 with the U. This is the case with the Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) and SAW processes (see figure 3). Page%|1". Beckham Chrysler LLC R. If you have questions or need assistance with your order, our friendly and knowledgeable team is here to ensure that you get the right equipment for the job by calling 800-936-1948. D. Delta Stud Weld understands every situation is unique, and off-the-shelf items aren’t always perfect for the job. 024. 5 mm) thick. We quickly manufacture these fastening devices in a variety of sizes and configurations from various material grades, including mild and stainless steels, supplied by dependable domestic mills. Threaded CD Weld Studs Aluminum. Arc studs come in many shapes, and there are literally hundreds of kinds—as long as one end of the stud is designed to be compatible with an arc welder and is made of weldable materials (mild steel, stainless steel, or aluminum), it can used for arc stud. Welding can be done with many processes such as arc, resistance, friction, and percussion. CD (capacitor discharge) weld studs require lower levels of heat and less time to weld than drawn arc weld studs. However, with CD welding small diameter fasteners (1/4″ and under) are end welded to extremely thin gauge parent metal. Projection weld studs and screws are special types of fasteners that are specifically designed to be welded to another object. Material: Aluminum alloy 5000 Series. The Arc Weld Collar Stud features partial external threading that starts at a point above the stud’s collar.